Obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) are the combination of medicine and surgery to care for pregnant women, the unborn child and the management of diseases specific to women. Obstetrics focuses on care during pre-conception, pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after delivery. Gynecology focuses on well-being and health of the female reproductive organs (vagina, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes), treating sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and chronic pain. Gynecology also includes endocrinology, female urology and pelvic malignancy. An OB-GYN is a trained doctor who has broad and specific training in obstetrics and gynecology. OB-GYNs perform a wide range of procedures, including cesarean sections; instrumental deliveries during childbirth; a hysterectomy; removing growths such as ovarian cysts and uterine fibroids; surgery to repair pelvic organ injuries; pap smears to test for cervical cancer; fertility treatments, such as egg retrievals for IVF or egg-freezing; infertility treatments and counseling; management of urinary issues, such as urinary tract infections and urinary incontinence; mammograms and other breast cancer screenings; STI tests.